Introduction of Tripwire

What is Tripwire ?

• —Reliable intrusion detection system.—
• —Tool that checks
  400 × 150 – gardnertackle.co.uk

  to see what changes have been made in your system.—

• —Pinpoints, notifies, determines the nature, and provides information on the changes on how to manage the change.—
• —Mainly monitors the key attributes(like binary signature, size and other related data) of your files.—
• —Changes are compared to the established good baseline.—
• —Security is compromised, if there is no control over the various operations taking place.

How does it works:

1. —First, a baseline database is created, storing the original attributes like binary values in registry.—
2. —If the host computer is intruded, the intruder changes these values to go undetected.—
3. —The TripWire software constantly checks the system logs to check if any unauthorized changes were made.—
4. —If so, then it reports to the user.
5. —User can then undo those changes to revert the system back to the original state.

Where it is used?

• —Tripwire for Servers(TS) is software used by servers.—
• — Can be installed on any server that needs to be monitored for any changes.—
• —Typical servers include mail servers, web servers, firewalls, transaction server, development server.—
• —It is also used for Host Based Intrusion Detection System(HIDS) and also for Network Intrusion Detection System(NIDS).—
• —It is used for network devices like routers, switches, firewall, etc.
• —If any of these devices are tampered with, it can lead to huge losses for the Organization that supports the network.

Tripwire for Network Devices:

• Tripwire for network devices maintains a log of all significant actions including adding and deleting nodes, rules, tasks and user accounts.
• Automatic notification of changes to your routers, switches and firewalls.
• Automatic restoration of critical network devices.
• Heterogeneous support for today’s most commonly used network devices.

Tripwire for servers:

• For the tripwire for server’s software to work two important things should be present `the policy file and the database.
• The Tripwire for server’s software conducts subsequent file checks automatically comparing the state of system with the baseline database.
• Any inconsistencies are reported to the Tripwire manger and to the host system log file.
• Reports can also be emailed to an administrator.

There are two types of  Tripwire Manager

• Active Tripwire Manager
• Passive Tripwire Manager

• This Active Tripwire Manager gives a user the ability to update the database, schedule integrity checks, update and distribute policy and configuration files and view integrity reports.
• The Passive mode only allows to view the status of the machines and integrity reports.

How to Install and Use:

• —Install Tripwire and customize the policy file.—
• —Initialize the Tripwire database.—
• —Run a Tripwire integrity check.—
• —Examine the Tripwire report file.—
• —Take appropriate security measures.—
• —Update the Tripwire database file.—
• —Update the Tripwire policy file.—

What is the benefits of Tripwires:

—Increase security:  Immediately detects and pinpoints unauthorized changes.

—Instill Accountability:  Tripwire identifies and reports the sources of changes.

—Gain Visibility:  Tripwire software provides a centralized view of changes across the enterprise infrastructure and supports multiple devices from multiple vendors.

—Ensure Availability:  Tripwire software reduces troubleshooting time, enabling rapid discovery and recovery. Enables the fastest possible restoration back to a desired, good state.

What are the features of tripwire?

—The main attractive feature of this system is that the

•  Software generates a report about which file has been violated, when the file has been violated and also what   information in the files have been changed.
• —If properly used it also helps to detect who made the changes.—
• —Proper implementation of the system must be done with a full time manager and crisis management department.

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Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

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Web Based Mobile

The Mobile Web

Definition: The World Wide Web accessed through a mobile device such as :-

•   cellular phones
•   iPod Touch
•   smart phone,
•   Tablet,

Mobile phones that have Web capabilities can search the Internet from anywhere that the phone can get a signal. The cell phone is the desk top or lap top counter part.

History:

The first access to the mobile web was commercially offered in Finland in 1996 on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone via, the Sonera and Radiolinja networks. This was access to the real internet. The first commercial launch of a mobile-specific browser-based web service was in 1999 in Japan when i-mode was launched by NTT DoCoMo.

Components of Mobile Web:

• Users
• Devices
• operating systems and other software
• Services
• content
• how users currently engage with information on the World Wide Web via their mobile devices.

USERS:Net generation

• Grew up with computers and video games
• Work in multimedia environments
• Figure things out for themselves without consulting manuals
• Work in groups
• Are multi-tasking

Devices: (Mobile)ž

žThe mobile phones are the backbone of mobile communications. They have matured across four generations (1G, 2G 3G and now 4G)ž

Mobile Telephone:

A Mobile Telephone (also known as a Cellular Telephone) is defined as a ‘portable electronic device for the purpose of telecommunications over long distances.’

There are different kinds:

•  Standard phones–multimedia phones that allow users to download music, ringtone, watch TV and videos and send multimedia messages.
•   Smartphones( blackberry, Nokia N series) which are relatives of the PDA offer computing capabilities. These Include the iphone that presents whole Web pages via its safari browser.

PDA(Personal Digital Assistance):

PDA (personal digital assistant) is a term for any small mobile hand-held device that provides computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business use, often for keeping schedule calendars and address book information handy.

Evolution of the Mobile Telephones:

The mobile industry currently offers 1G, 2G and 3G devices. 1G is   being phased out while 4G devices are still under development but   countries such as Japan and China are already using 4G technology.

1G:

•   The first commercially available cellular network using 1G standard   was introduced by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979 in   Japan.
•   1G (First Generation Wireless Technology). Is the analog, voice-only   cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s.
•    It was invented by Martin Cooper of Motorola Corp in 1973.
•   In 1G network, voice calls were simply modulated to a higher Frequency, typically to 150MHz and up before 1G technology was the mobile radio telephone or 0G (Zeroth G)
• 1G phones could be cloned

2G-2.5G:

• žThe second generation, 2G, was commercially launched for the GSM standard in 1991 by Radiolinja, currently known as Elisa Oyj, in Finland.ž
• ž2G, voice communications were digitally Signal. This allowed for greater privacyž.
• ž2G (GSM standard)—GPRS (General Packet Radio Service was introduced in) 2001.ž
• žIt added packet switching protocols to mobile communications technology and TCP/IP thus making possible the reading and sending of e-mails, instant messaging (IM), and browsing the Internet. SMS or short message service is heavily used.
• GPRS provided data transfer rates from 56-115kbit/s
• 2.5 G added MMS.
• So, services like WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging) were introduced, along with Internet services.
• This is the most widely used generation of mobile telecommunication networks, and is what most mobile phones in India are now using.

3G-3.5G:

• The third generation, 3G, was introduced by NTT(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) DoCoMo in Japan, in 2001.
• 3G used completely different radio frequencies from 2G
• So it required different equipment to achieve the new high data transfer rates.
• 3G data transfer rates are 384kbits/s to 2Mbits/s
• So it allows for previously unavailable services like video calls, video conferencing, online conference call, mobile TV, online gaming etc. These speeds are broadband equivalent, so the applications and capabilities are enhanced greatly.

4G:

• 4G—The fourth generation cell phone is being championed in Japan. It will boost the data rates to 20 Mbps. These speeds enable high quality video transmission and rapid download of large music files. The first 4G phones appeared in 2006.
• Such speeds are not even present in wired networks commercially.

Services available in the mobile web:

• E-books
• Audio books
• Mobile TV/Video
• Travel Information
• Browsers
• News
• Blogging
• RSS feeds
• Food ordering
• Mobile Web quick piks
• Iphone only
• Iphone quick picks
• Jobs etc.

Benefits of Mobile Web:

1. Constant connectivity- always on

2. Location-Aware—have GPS (global positioning System)

3.Limitless access—Includes the whole Web

4.Interactive capabilities—Can receive and create content, make comments, take photos, write and post blogs, etc.

Limitation:

Small screen size:-This makes it difficult or impossible to see text and graphics dependent on the standard size of a desktop computer screen.-

Lack of windows :-On a desktop computer, the ability to open more than one window at a time allows for multi-tasking and for easy revert to a previous page. Historically on mobile web, only one page can be displayed at a time, and pages can only be viewed in the sequence they were originally accessed.

Navigation:- Most mobile devices do not use a mouselike pointer, but rather simply an up and down function for scrolling, thereby limiting the flexibility in navigation.

Lack of JavaScript and cookies :-Most devices do not support client-side scripting and storage of cookies (smartphones excluded).

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Mobile Switching Center?

   Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

• The MSC is responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
• The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.
• In the mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an “analogue” signal.
• The BSS consists of the following network components:– 7BTS: Base Transceiver Station- BSC : Base Station Controller
• The BTSs are connected to the different BSCs thorough E1s links, BSCs are connected in turn to one or more MSC.

Introduction:                                  

• With the technological advances and a rapid growth of optical and wireless communication systems is being developed every day.
• From economical point of view, the operator has to choose the most suitable communication system for the areas to be served.
• Efficient deployment of appropriate communication system according to the topography (Topology), enhances the services, provides higher rate, and increases revenue.
• The systems that may be used in providing telephony services to the rural areas and villages are outdoor optical fiber unit system ,wireless system.

Introduction of Access Network Topologies:

The Access Network (AN) is the physical connection between the core network and the subscriber terminals.

Classification of Access Networks:

1. The wired line access method, utilizes copper wire cables, it is the conventional system. It is normally used for local networks at range of 5 Km maximum.
2. The optical cable access. The fiber cable is connected to a   remote unit,this remote optical unit provides service to   the subscribers through copper wire. This system is used when communities are located apart from each other and far from the host exchange.

Network Topology:

1. — Physical topology:  Actual layout of the media
2. —Logical topology: —How the hosts access the media

Different types of physical topologies are used in MSCs:

1.Mesh topology –

• —Point-to-point network
• —Every two communication nodes(MSC) has a dedicated connection
• —Each pair of MSC performs communications independent of others
• —The number of links(channels) increases fast as the number of nodes (MSC)increases

Number of links（ L ）

L = N(N ` 1) / 2

N：Number of nodes (MSC)——

Advantages:

• Less expensive then a mesh topology.
• Each device needs only one link(Channel) and one I/O to   connect it to any number of MSCs.
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
• Far less cabling is required than mesh topology.
• Fault identification and fault isolation is easy.

Disadvantages:

• More cables are required than Bus and Ring topology.
• Single point of failure is WAN Switch.

3. Ring Topology:

• Each MSCs links to its two neighbors in a circular   arrangement.
• The “last” MSCs connects to the “first”.
• The message travels along the ring and is transferred by each MSCs until it reaches the destination.

 

Advantages

• A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only the connections.
• Fault isolation is simplified.

Disadvantages

• Unidirectional traffic is a big disadvantage.
• In a simple ring, a break in the ring can disable the entire network. (But this can be solved by dual ring).

4. Bus Topology:

• —All nodes link to a transmission cable, a shared bus.
• —Any MSCs can send messages to any other nodes through the bus.

Advantages :

• Ease of Installation.
• Uses less cabling than other topologies.

Disadvantages:

• Difficult re-connection and fault isolation.
• Fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmissions.

5. Tree Topology:

• —An alternative form of star topology
• —All the nodes connect to the central Switch, an active Switch.
• —A node may be a MSCs or a LAN Switch.
• —Each LAN Switch has a group of computers connecting to it.
  

  

Advantages:

1. Expansion of Network is possible and easy.
2. Here, we divide the whole network into segments (star networks), which can be easily managed and maintained.
3. Error detection and correction is easy.
4. Each segment is provided with dedicated point-to-point wiring to the central hub.
5. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected.

Disadvantages:

1.  As more and more nodes and segments are added, the maintenance becomes difficult.
2. Scalability of the network depends on the type of cable used.

 

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

 

An introduction to AngularJS

What is Angular JS?

• AngularJS (commonly known as “Angular” or “Angular.js”) is an open-source web application framework mainly maintained by Google and by a community of individual.
• AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It can be added to an HTML page with a <script> tag.
• AngularJS extends HTML attributes with Directives, and binds data to HTML with Expressions.
• AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It is a library written in JavaScript.

AngularJS Extends HTML:

AngularJS extends HTML with ng-directives.

• The ng-app directive defines an AngularJS application.
• The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data.
• The ng-bind directive binds application data to the HTML view.

Simple Angular JS Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.4.8/angular.min.js">
</script>
 <body>

<div ng-app="">
 <p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
 <p ng-bind="name"></p>
 </div>

</body>
 </html>

Why Angular JS:

Here are some reasons why you should be using Angular today.

• MVC Done,
• A declarative User interface,
• Write less code,
• Behavior with directives,
• Flexibility with filters.

Alternatives:

Other frameworks deal with HTML’s shortcomings by either abstracting away HTML, CSS, and/or JavaScript or by providing an imperative way for manipulating the DOM.

Advantages of Angular JS:

On the other hand, Angular JS is a framework. It provides a lot of features that you don’t get with using a library like jQuery

1. Templates
2. Two way data binding
3. Form Validations
4. Deep Linking for dynamic pages
5. MVW pattern (similar to MVC)
6. Communication with server
7. Reusable components and localization to name a few

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Space Mouse?

Introduction:

Every day of your computing life, you reach out for the mouse whenever you want to move the cursor or activate something. The mouse senses your motion and your clicks and sends them to the computer so it can respond appropriately. An ordinary mouse detects motion in the X and Y plane and acts as a two dimensional controller. Space Mouse is a professional 3D controller specifically designed for manipulating objects in a 3D environment.

What is Space Mouse?

     Space Mouse is a professional 3D controller specifically designed for manipulating objects in a 3D environment. It permits the simultaneous control of all six degrees of freedom – translation rotation or a combination. The device serves as an intuitive man-machine interface.

An ordinary mouse detects motion in the X and Y plane and acts as a two dimensional controller but space mouse detect the X,Y and Z axis.

The space mouse has different modes of operation in which it can also be used as a two-dimensional mouse.

History:

Space mouse is developed by the DLR institute of robotics and mechanics in 1990.

DLR:- Deutsches Zenturum far Luft-und Raumfahrt.

Working Principals:

The basic principle behind its construction is mechatronics engineering and the multi sensory concept.

Movements were measured by electromagnetic or ultrasonic.

Whats is Mechatronics engineering?

Mechatronics is concerned with the design automation and operational performance of electromechanical systems. Mechatronics engineering is nothing new; it is simply the applications of latest techniques in precision mechanical engineering, electronic and computer control, computing systems and sensor and actuator technology to Design improved products and processes.

2D vs 3D:

Types of Space Mouse:

    1. Space Mouse Classic

Google paying $1+ billion to Apple Inc

Google paying $1+ billion per year to keep Google search bar on iPhone

When Microsoft denied Google appeal to assign google search as default option on Windows operating systems ,Google made a deal with Apple and paying around $1+ billion every year .Payment also based on revenue generated from Google ads clicks from apple iphone devices .

Google Inc. took this step after getting sued from Oracle Inc. for using their java while developing android .

Special court ordered Google to pay part of revenue they generates from every partnered company on their projects .

Sohil Jain

Logical thinker !

Jain Software Developers

What is Holography?

History of Holography:

• Invented in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for use in electron microscopy, before the invention of the laser.
• Leith and Upatnieks (1962) applied laser light to holography.

Conventional vs. Holographic photography:

Conventional: 

• ¨2-d version of a 3-d scene
• ¨Photograph lacks depth perception
• ¨Film sensitive only to radiant energy
• ¨Phase relation (i.e. interference) are lost

Hologram: 

• ¨Freezes the intricate wave front of light that carries all the visual information of the scene
• ¨To view a hologram, the wave front is reconstructed
• ¨View what we would have seen if present at the original scene through the window defined by the hologram
• ¨Provides depth perception

Hologram Properties:

• If you look at these holograms from different angles, you see objects from different perspectives, just like you would if you were looking at a real object.
• They usually just look like sparkly pictures or smears of color.
• If you cut one in half, each half contains whole views of the entire holographic image.

Hologram Construction:

• Laser : Red lasers, usually helium-neon (HeNe) lasers, are common in holography
• Beam splitter: This is a device that uses mirrors and prisms to split one beam of light into two beams.
• Mirrors: These direct the beams of light to the correct locations.
• Holographic film: Holographic film can record light at a very high resolution, which is necessary for creating a hologram. It’s a layer of light-sensitive compounds on a transparent surface, like photographic film.

Hologram Working:

Holography Reconstruction:

What is Laser:

Lasers produce monochromatic light — it has one wavelength and one color. Because of the need for coherent interference between the reference and object beams

Hologram:Some Applications:

1. Authentication.
2. Virtual Display.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Introduction:

• Artificial intelligence(AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software.
• Here intelligent system means a system that perceives its environment and learn through experience like human beings.
• In 1955, John McCarthy coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”.

Intelligence:

• Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from, to understand about, and interact with one’s environment.
• Intelligence is the faculty for understanding.

“Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but quickly to understand how to make them good” -(German Poet )

Core Parts of AI:

• Knowledge
• Reasoning
• Problem solving capability
• Perception
• Learning
• Planning
• The ability to manipulate and move objects

How does AI Works:

Artificial intelligence works with the help of :

• Artificial Neurons   (Artificial Neural Network)

• Scientific theorems (If-Then Statements, Logics)

What is Neural Networking:

Artificial neural networks are  composed of interconnecting  artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons).

Structure of Biological Neuron:

An Artificial Neuron:

Turing Test:

• The Turing testis a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of an actual human.
• The test was introduced by Alan Turingin his 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”

Test Setup-

Person A (actually a computer) and Person B both say that they are human. Person C tries to find out whether Person A or Person B is the computer or the human.

Examples of Artificial Machines:

• Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine, played chess with world champion Garry Kasparov.

• MYCIN: is an expert system for treatment of blood infection.

Advantages:

• It can help improve our way of life.
• Use of robots for heavy construction, military benefits or even for personal assistance at private home.
• There will be less injuries and stress to human beings.
• Many of our health problems now have possible solutions with the use of Artificial Intelligence.
• Scientists have been using AI to test theories and notions about how our brain works.

Disadvantages:

• If robots start replacing human resources in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues like unemployment.
• One of the major disadvantages of intelligent machines is that they cannot be ‘human’. We might be able to make them think. But will we be able to make them feel?
• Apart from these concerns, there are chances that intelligent machines overpower human beings.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

Gi-Fi Technology

Introduction of GiFi:

• GI-FI means gigabit wireless.
• Worlds first transceiver integrated on single chip.
• Operates on 60ghz on the CMOS process.
• Allows wireless transfer of audio and video data at upto 5GB per second.
• Transfer data within an indoor environment usually within a range of 10ms.
• Man behind Gi-Fi is Professor Stan Skafidis of Melbourne university.

Evolution of GiFi:

Why GiFi:

The reason for pushing into Gi-Fi technology is because of

• slow rate,
• high power consumption,
• low range of frequency operations of earlier technologies i.e. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi’s.

Gi-Fi Access Devices:

Application of GiFi:

• In wireless PAN networks.
• Inter-vehicle communication system.
• Huge data file transfer.
• Office appliances.
• Video information transfer.

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers

Li-Fi(Light Fidelity) Technology

             Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. The term was coined by Harald Haas and is a form of visible light communication and a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC).

What is LiFi:

LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination ,sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow-

History:

The technology truly began during the 1990’s in countries like Germany, Korea, and Japan where they discovered LED’s could be retrofitted to send information.  Harald Haas continues to wow the world with the potential to use light for communication.

Present Scenario:

1.4 Million

5 Million

• Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wireless data double each year .Every thing, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.
• So what can carry this excess demand in the future

WHO CAN REPLACE RADIO WAVES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ?

How Li-Fi Works:

operational procedure is very simple, if the led is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that us required is some LEDS and a controller that code data into those LEDs.

Why Only VLC:

• Gama rays cant be used as they could be dangerous.
• X-rays have similar health issues.
• Ultraviolet light is good for place without people, but otherwise dangerous for the human body.
• Infrared, due to eye safety regulation,can only bse used with low power.

LAXIM:

Awadhesh Kumar

Jain Software Developers