Business

20 Mar
0
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Hydrogen: Future Fuel

In Business, Official Blog

Introduction

Hydrogen fuel is considered one of the cleanest energy sources available, as it produces zero emissions when burned with oxygen. It can power vehicles, generate electricity through electrochemical cells, and even propel spacecraft. With continuous technological advancements, hydrogen fuel holds the potential to be mass-produced and commercialized for everyday transportation, including passenger vehicles and aircraft.

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, making it the lightest of all elements. Because it is so light, pure hydrogen gas (H₂) naturally rises in the atmosphere, meaning it is rarely found in its free form on Earth. When hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen, it reacts to form water (H₂O) and releases a significant amount of energy:

2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2H₂O (g) + Energy

If hydrogen burns in normal atmospheric air, small traces of nitrogen oxides may form, but the overall emissions remain minimal compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Hydrogen can release energy efficiently, particularly when used in electrochemical cells. However, because it does not naturally occur in large amounts, hydrogen is best viewed as an energy carrier—similar to electricity—rather than a direct energy resource. It must be produced from other compounds, and the production process always requires more energy than what can later be recovered from burning it. This is a fundamental limitation governed by the conservation of energy.

Hydrogen Production

Pure hydrogen is not readily available on Earth, so it must be produced through industrial processes that require substantial energy. The two primary methods of hydrogen production are electrolysis and steam-methane reforming (SMR).

1. Electrolysis

In this process, electricity is passed through water to separate hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The electricity used for electrolysis can come from renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal energy, or from fossil fuels and nuclear power. Electrolysis is being actively researched as a sustainable and cost-effective way to produce hydrogen domestically.

2. Steam-Methane Reforming (SMR)

This is currently the most common industrial method for large-scale hydrogen production. It involves reacting methane with high-temperature steam to extract hydrogen. However, this process produces carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO), both of which are greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.

Energy Potential and Challenges

Hydrogen exists in vast quantities within water, hydrocarbons, and organic matter. The main challenge lies in extracting it efficiently. Most hydrogen today is produced through steam reforming of natural gas, which is relatively inexpensive but environmentally harmful.

Hydrogen can also be produced from water via electrolysis, though this requires large amounts of electricity. Once produced, hydrogen acts as an energy carrier that can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity and heat, or burned directly in combustion engines.

When hydrogen burns in air, the flame temperature reaches around 2000°C, producing water vapor as the main byproduct. Historically, carbon-based fuels have been more practical because they contain more energy per unit volume. However, the carbon released during combustion is a major contributor to climate change.

Hydrogen, being the smallest element, can escape from storage containers in trace amounts. Although small leaks are not dangerous with proper ventilation, storage remains a technical challenge. Hydrogen can cause metal pipes to become brittle, which means specialized materials are required for safe transportation.

Uses of Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen fuel can power rockets, cars, boats, airplanes, and fuel cells used in portable or stationary energy systems. When used in vehicles, it powers electric motors through fuel cells rather than direct combustion.

The major challenges for hydrogen-powered vehicles are storage and distribution. Hydrogen must be stored either in high-pressure tanks or cryogenic (super-cooled) tanks, both of which are costly and complex.

Hydrogen can serve as an alternative fuel if it meets the following conditions:

  • Technically feasible

  • Economically viable

  • Convertible to other energy forms

  • Safe to use

  • Environmentally friendly

Although hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth, it must be extracted from compounds like natural gas, coal, or water. Hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines require only minor modifications from gasoline engines. However, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that use polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology offer greater efficiency and cleaner operation.

A kilogram of hydrogen costs around $4, roughly equivalent to the energy of one gallon of gasoline. Yet, in vehicles such as the Honda FCX Clarity, a single kilogram can power the car for about 68 miles, showing great potential for future mobility.

Economic and Environmental Considerations

Currently, the production and storage of hydrogen are expensive, and much of the hydrogen generated today comes from nonrenewable resources like natural gas. To make hydrogen fuel a truly sustainable solution, it must be produced using renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

The U.S. Department of Energy has funded research into producing hydrogen from coal while capturing carbon emissions through carbon sequestration. However, this method is controversial, as storage sites for captured carbon are limited, and the risk of groundwater contamination remains a concern.

For hydrogen to play a significant role in reducing global warming, the focus must shift toward cleaner production methods. When the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels is accounted for economically, renewable energy sources like wind and solar become more viable long-term options.

The Road Toward a Hydrogen Economy

Creating a global hydrogen economy, where hydrogen powers most transportation and industry, will require significant investment and innovation. At present, the most cost-effective hydrogen production method remains steam reformation of natural gas, which is neither renewable nor carbon-neutral.

Electrolysis of water, when powered by renewable energy, offers a sustainable path forward, but currently, less than 5% of global electricity comes from renewables. Expanding renewable infrastructure is essential before hydrogen can become a mainstream energy source.

One promising experiment conducted at the GM Proving Ground in Milford, Michigan, connected 40 solar photovoltaic (PV) modules directly to a hydrogen production system. This setup achieved 8.5% efficiency and produced 0.5 kg of high-pressure hydrogen per day—a step toward self-sufficient, renewable hydrogen generation.

While large-scale hydrogen transport via pipelines may become cost-effective in densely populated regions, it might not be economically viable in sparsely populated areas. In the future, smaller solar-hydrogen systems could allow individuals to produce their own fuel at home.

Conclusion

Hydrogen fuel presents a powerful opportunity to transition toward cleaner, more sustainable energy. Its versatility, high energy density, and zero-emission combustion make it a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, challenges related to production cost, storage, and infrastructure must be addressed before it becomes widespread.

A rapid shift toward renewable energy and continued innovation in hydrogen technologies could pave the way for a sustainable hydrogen economy. The move from fossil fuels to hydrogen is not just an energy transition—it’s a step toward securing a cleaner and more stable future for the planet.

20 Mar
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Bluejacking

In Business, Official Blog

Bluejacking – Exploring the World of Wireless Communication

By Author: Rishabh Sontakke

What is Bluejacking?

Bluejacking is the act of sending unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs, or laptops. Since Bluetooth has a limited range (typically around 10 meters for mobile phones and up to 100 meters for laptops), Bluejacking usually occurs in close proximity.

Origin of Bluejacking

The Bluejacking phenomenon began when a Malaysian IT consultant, Ajack, experimented with his Ericsson cellphone in a bank. He discovered a nearby Nokia 7650 via Bluetooth and sent a business card message titled “Buy Ericsson!” to the phone. After sharing his experience on an online forum, the concept spread rapidly among tech enthusiasts.

How to Bluejack

To perform Bluejacking, you need a Bluetooth-enabled device. The steps vary slightly depending on whether you’re using a mobile phone or a computer.

On Mobile Phones:

  1. Enable Bluetooth on your device.

  2. Search for nearby discoverable devices.

  3. Create a new contact.

  4. Type your message in the “Name” field.

  5. Save the contact and select “Send via Bluetooth.”

  6. Choose a device from the detected list and send your message.

On Computers or Laptops:

  1. Open your contacts in your Address Book (e.g., Outlook).

  2. Create a new contact and type your message in the name field.

  3. Save the contact.

  4. Right-click the contact → select “Send via Bluetooth.”

  5. Choose a nearby device and send the message.

Popular Bluejacking Software Tools

  • BlueSpam – Scans for all discoverable Bluetooth devices and sends a file automatically if the device supports OBEX.

  • Meeting Point – Helps locate Bluetooth devices and can be combined with Bluejacking tools.

  • Freejack – Works with Java-enabled phones like the Nokia N-series.

  • Easyjacking (eJack) – Allows sending text messages directly to Bluetooth-enabled devices.

Uses of Bluejacking

Bluejacking can serve various purposes across different locations such as shopping centers, train stations, cinemas, cafes, and restaurants.
Its most practical applications include:

  • Advertising and Marketing: Companies can send promotional messages to nearby users.

  • Location-Based Services: Useful for promoting local offers or events.

It’s a fun and experimental way to communicate, but it should always remain ethical and respectful.

Code of Ethics for Bluejackers

  1. Only send harmless messages or pictures.

  2. Do not attempt to hack, modify, or copy files from any device.

  3. Avoid sending vulgar, insulting, or copyrighted content without permission.

  4. Stop sending messages if the recipient does not respond after two attempts.

  5. Respect others’ privacy and stop if your messages cause discomfort.

  6. Be cooperative if confronted and explain your activity honestly.

Related Concepts

  • BlueSnarfing: Involves unauthorized downloading of data (contacts, emails, etc.) from a Bluetooth device — a serious security threat.

  • Bluebugging: A more advanced attack allowing hackers to control another person’s phone, make calls, or eavesdrop on conversations.

Preventing Bluejacking

To protect yourself:

  • Disable Bluetooth when not in use.

  • Avoid accepting Bluetooth messages from unknown sources.

  • Refrain from sharing personal information with unknown senders.

  • Keep your device’s visibility set to hidden.

  • Delete suspicious messages immediately.

Legal Warning

Attempting to hack or gain unauthorized access to another person’s device violates the Computer Misuse Act (1990). Always use Bluetooth responsibly and within the boundaries of the law.

Conclusion

Bluejacking represents an innovative yet simple way of interacting with nearby devices through Bluetooth. While it can be used for fun or marketing purposes, users must adhere to ethical guidelines and respect privacy. If used responsibly, Bluejacking can even serve as a creative advertising tool in the age of wireless connectivity.

20 Mar
5
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Enterprise Resource Planning

In Business, Official Blog

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) – A Comprehensive Overview

By Author: Prankul Sinha

Introduction

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a category of business management software that allows organizations to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from various business activities.
ERP systems provide a continuously updated and integrated view of core business processes through a common database maintained by a database management system.

These systems track key business resources such as cash, raw materials, production capacity, and monitor commitments like orders, purchase orders, and payroll.
By sharing data across departments — including manufacturing, purchasing, sales, and accounting — ERP helps reduce errors, improve coordination, and enhance productivity.

ERP solutions operate across multiple hardware and network configurations, typically using a centralized database as the information source.

Implementation

Implementing an ERP system involves three main services: consulting, customization, and support.
The implementation timeline depends on factors such as company size, degree of customization, and the scope of process change.

  • Small organizations may take a few months for implementation.

  • Large enterprises often require 14 months or more, involving around 150 consultants.

  • Multinational corporations may take several years for full deployment.

For example, companies like Walmart have utilized ERP-based systems to implement Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management, reducing storage costs and increasing delivery efficiency. Before 2014, Walmart used an IBM-developed system called Inforem to manage replenishment — a testament to ERP’s impact on modern supply chains.

Process Preparation

ERP implementation usually demands a thorough restructuring of existing business processes.
A lack of clarity about required process changes is one of the main reasons for ERP project failures.
Challenges can arise due to system complexity, infrastructure limitations, inadequate training, or poor motivation.

To ensure success, organizations must analyze and optimize existing workflows before implementation. This process enables a better alignment of business objectives with ERP functionality.

Best practices to reduce risks include:

  • Linking current processes with the organization’s overall strategy.

  • Evaluating the efficiency and relevance of each process.

  • Understanding how current automation aligns with ERP capabilities.

Customization

ERP systems are designed around industry best practices, and vendors expect organizations to adopt these standards as much as possible.
However, since every business is unique, customization becomes necessary to fill functional gaps.

Customization options include:

  • Rewriting parts of the ERP software to better fit company requirements.

  • Developing homegrown modules that integrate with the existing ERP framework.

  • Creating interfaces between the ERP system and external applications.

While customization improves functionality, it may also increase implementation time, cost, and maintenance complexity.

Advantages of ERP

The greatest strength of ERP lies in its integration capability — combining diverse business processes into a single, unified system.
This leads to improved decision-making, transparency, and operational efficiency.

Key advantages include:

  • Time and cost savings through process automation.

  • Enhanced visibility across all departments.

  • Improved sales forecasting and optimized inventory management.

  • Order and revenue tracking, from initiation to completion.

  • Comprehensive transaction history across operations.

  • Accurate financial reconciliation, linking purchase orders, inventory, and costing.

Disadvantages of ERP

Despite its advantages, ERP implementation comes with certain challenges and risks.

Common disadvantages include:

  • High customization complexity — may lead to longer deployment times.

  • Rigid system structure, forcing businesses to adapt their processes to software limitations.

  • High costs compared to less integrated solutions.

  • Vendor lock-in, as switching ERP providers can be expensive.

  • Resistance to data sharing between departments.

  • Heavy training requirements, consuming time and resources.

  • Integration difficulties when merging independent or diverse business units.

These challenges make ERP implementation a strategic investment that demands careful planning, management commitment, and continuous evaluation.

Conclusion

Enterprise Resource Planning has evolved into an essential component of modern business management.
By unifying multiple processes — from finance to supply chain — ERP systems help organizations operate more efficiently and strategically.
While challenges such as cost, customization, and complexity persist, the long-term benefits of streamlined operations, improved visibility, and better decision-making make ERP an invaluable tool for businesses seeking sustainable growth.

20 Mar
1

Attacks on Smart Cards

In Business, Official Blog

Understanding Smart Card Attacks and Credential Theft in Modern Networks

By Author: Samata Shelare

Introduction

In today’s world of advanced cyber threats, smart cards and two-factor authentication (2FA) are widely used by organizations to enhance their security systems. However, believing that these technologies completely eliminate the risk of credential theft is a misconception.
Cybercriminals have developed advanced methods to bypass even the most secure authentication systems, exploiting weaknesses in both smart card authentication and operating system protections.

Modern attackers—especially those involved in persistent cyber campaigns or using self-propagating malware—often use techniques like Pass-the-Hash, Pass-the-Ticket, or Kerberoasting to escalate privileges and gain unauthorized access to corporate networks.

What Makes Smart Cards Unique

A smart card is a secure hardware device with its own CPU, memory, and operating system. It is specifically designed to store cryptographic keys such as private keys and digital certificates. Unlike passwords, these keys are never directly exposed.

Smart cards are far more secure than ordinary ID or credit cards because they generate cryptographic proof instead of sharing secrets. In enterprise environments, smart cards are used to authenticate users securely and ensure that private keys never leave the device.

How Smart Card Authentication Works

The smart card authentication process involves several steps of secure communication between the user’s card, the client system, and the Domain Controller (DC):

  1. The user inserts the smart card and enters their PIN.

  2. The system retrieves the digital certificate stored on the card.

  3. This certificate is sent to the Domain Controller’s Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC).

  4. The KDC validates the certificate and issues a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT).

  5. The smart card decrypts the TGT, and an NTLM hash is generated for session use.

  6. The NTLM hash or ticket is then used for authentication.

Although no password is stored on the smart card, the NTLM hash is temporarily saved in system memory (specifically within the LSASS process). Unfortunately, this makes it vulnerable to credential theft tools like Mimikatz or Windows Credential Editor (WCE).

The Smart Card Hash Vulnerability

If a system is compromised, attackers can extract the NTLM hash from memory and reuse it to log in elsewhere. This is known as a Pass-the-Hash (PtH) attack.

The main issue is that these hashes often remain valid indefinitely, unless manually rotated. While Microsoft has introduced automatic hash rotation in Windows Server 2016 and newer systems, many organizations still operate on older domains—leaving them vulnerable.

In short, even though smart cards improve security, they cannot fully prevent Pass-the-Hash attacks if the NTLM hash remains unchanged.

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) and Hash Security

Two-factor authentication offers stronger defense because it uses one-time passwords (OTP) or session-based credentials that expire after use.
If an attacker steals the hash from a 2FA login, it becomes useless once the session ends.

Solutions like AuthLite enhance this security by modifying the cached hash in a way that prevents reuse. Even if captured, additional verification steps at the domain controller stop unauthorized access.

Depending on the system and authentication method, Pass-the-Hash attacks can be partially or fully mitigated.

Smart Card Communication and Data Exchange

Smart cards communicate with Card Accepting Devices (CAD) using Application Protocol Data Units (APDUs) — small, encrypted data packets.
Both the card and the reader authenticate each other using random challenges and shared encryption keys.

Common encryption algorithms include DES, 3DES, and RSA.
Although these are highly secure, they can still be broken with enough computational power or time, emphasizing the need for regular updates and strong key management.

OS-Level Protection in Smart Cards

Smart card operating systems are structured hierarchically:

  • Master File (MF) – the root directory

  • Dedicated Files (DFs) – subdirectories or containers

  • Elementary Files (EFs) – data files

Each level comes with its own access permissions and security attributes. The card also uses multiple PINs known as Cardholder Verification Levels (CHV1 and CHV2), corresponding to login and unblocking operations.

If an incorrect PIN is entered repeatedly, the card locks itself — protecting against brute-force attempts but also creating the risk of denial-of-service if misused by attackers.

Host-Based vs. Card-Based Security

Host-Based Systems:
In these systems, the smart card mainly serves as a secure storage medium. Actual authentication and processing happen on the host computer. If communication between the card and host isn’t properly encrypted, attackers can intercept sensitive data during transfer.

Card-Based Systems:
Here, the smart card acts as an independent device with its own processor and security policies. Authentication involves multi-step verification to ensure only authorized cards can gain access.

Despite this, vulnerabilities still exist — including firmware flaws, tampering with physical cards, or attacks on the issuing authority’s infrastructure.

Physical Vulnerabilities

Physical attacks are among the most direct methods of breaching smart card security.
Hackers can extract the microchip from a smart card using chemical solvents and examine it under a microscope to analyze circuit layouts and memory patterns.
By mapping these components, they can potentially duplicate cryptographic keys, effectively bypassing the card’s protection mechanisms.

Conclusion

Smart cards and two-factor authentication have revolutionized digital security, offering strong protection for identity and credentials. However, as cyber threats evolve, attackers continue to find ways to exploit even these systems.

Techniques like Pass-the-Hash, Pass-the-Ticket, and card cloning remind us that no security measure is completely foolproof. Organizations must implement a multi-layered defense approach — combining hardware-based security, frequent credential rotation, software updates, and continuous monitoring.

Smart cards remain a cornerstone of secure authentication, but real protection comes from ongoing vigilance, proper configuration, and a proactive cybersecurity strategy.

19 Mar
3
Digital India Campaign

Digital India: A Planning towards future or Enforcement of Technology

In Business, Marketing, Official Blog

A lot has been done till date by the government of India with the Digital India plan, the idea behind this plan was definitely to just improve ourselves as to digital world and to adopt the changes as the world is changing so not to lack behind. It is mentioned in the website of digital India, that Digital India has a vision transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. But my main concern is after the two years of the program being launched I dont see much of the people which is other than the young generation is not at all ready to run parallel to the rest India.

Digital India to them is like thrusting a piece of cake to their neck, it is good, it is healthy and even delicious but still not adaptive to the ones who dont want to eat. This is felt by most of the people in this country.

The main problem is that nobody knows what to do, how to do, and after some struggle if feels uncomfortable to them to do. The initiatives on infrastructure, services, and empowerment are really appreciable yet not reachable by most of the audience. What is needed is the consultation, which is also provided but not in the well-guided manner, which eventually makes out of no fruit.

The plans under digital India, Startup India, and Skill India also impacting great but still the thrust of hammer not enough to bend the metal, means a lot of promotion and consultation is needed to do reach out to people, ideas are endless by people for rural development and strong infrastructure and economic growth proper monitoring is needed, as a tree needed the most care when was a plant.

Digital India plan is definitely a boon for all individuals if they can utilize the opportunity, a complete description of approach and methodology for digital India program which looks very active words when you see in website but what is been acted, very little as per my knowledge.

 

Well, I am not here to just talk about everything that is dark going on in this world, many things goes positive and actually has changed after the Digital India plan. Plans which actually made an impact to the governance under the digital india are can be mentions as

  • High-speed connectivity and high-speed internet at most remote and inaccessible areas to grow the communication and connect India to the world and newer ideas. Its a National Rural Internet Mission.
  • E-Governance?Improving governance using technology. This is to improve the government to citizen interface for various service deliveries.
  • E-Kranti ?Deliver services electronically and thus in a faster and time-bound manner. This is helpful in education, healthcare, planning, security, financial inclusion, justice, farmers, etc.
  • Information for all –This will bring in transparency and accountability by easy and open access to documents and information to the citizens.
  • Electronics manufacturing ?This will encourage manufacturing of electronics in India and reduce electronics import and help in job creation too. This will help in achieving goals of Make in India initiative also.
  • Cyber Security ? Government giving now focus on the security part of the data that usually leaks and the data can be used in important hands
  • IT for jobs ?Skill India mission under the Digital India mission helping students to learn the practical and industrial level experience to enhance their performance.

After seeing all this points I think I have increased your dilemma that Digital India plan/campaign is really doing any good or was and is doing great. Well my point in this is that we are doing good, but changes always happen when you do great and with a great pace, I am much of concerned about over very slow growing and learning speed. We need to implement everything fast but at the same time made it convenient for people to use else it wont to anyone till we act on it strongly and boldly on it.

C James Yen said beautifully once that, Technical know-how of the experts must be transformed into practical do-how of the people.

18 Mar
0

Artificial Eye

In Business, Official Blog, Tech-BLOG, Tech-Forum, Technical

The Artificial Eye: A Marvel of Medical and Engineering Innovation

By Author – Rishabh Sontakke

An artificial eye is a prosthetic replacement for a natural eye lost due to injury, disease, or congenital conditions. While it does not restore vision, it serves an important cosmetic and psychological role, helping individuals regain confidence and a natural appearance. Modern artificial eyes are not only realistic in appearance but can also move in coordination with the natural eye, thanks to advanced surgical and material innovations.

The Evolution of Artificial Eyes

Before artificial eyes were developed, people who lost an eye often wore an eye patch to cover the empty socket. With progress in medical technology, ocular prosthetics emerged as a more aesthetic and functional solution.
Today, most artificial eyes are made from medical-grade plastic, offering durability and lifelike realism. The average lifespan of a prosthetic eye is about 10 years, although children require more frequent replacements due to growth changes. A child may need four to five prostheses from infancy to adulthood.

According to the Society for the Prevention of Blindness, between 10,000 and 12,000 people lose an eye each year. Around 50% or more of these losses result from accidents, with men being more affected than women. Other causes include congenital conditions such as:

  • Microphthalmia – a condition where the eye is abnormally small and often non-functional.

  • Anophthalmia – a rare birth defect where one or both eyes are absent.

  • Retinoblastoma – a hereditary eye cancer present at birth that may require surgical removal of the affected eye to save the patient’s life.

The Surgical Process of Eye Replacement

Replacing a natural eye with an artificial one involves two key surgical steps, performed by an ophthalmologist or ocular surgeon.

1. Enucleation

In this procedure, the entire eyeball is removed. The surgeon severs the muscles attached to the sclera (the white part of the eye) and cuts the optic nerve, carefully extracting the eyeball from the socket.

A spherical implant made of materials like plastic, silicone, or glass is then inserted into the socket to restore volume and movement.

2. Evisceration

Here, the contents of the eyeball are removed, but the sclera and eye muscles remain intact. A prosthetic ball is placed inside the eye cavity and the wound is closed, allowing for natural-looking eye movement.

3. Conformer Placement

A conformer, a small plastic disc, is placed in the socket to maintain its shape and prevent shrinking during healing. This ensures a proper fit for the future prosthesis. The healing process typically takes four to six weeks, after which a custom artificial eye is fitted.

Materials Used in Artificial Eyes

The manufacturing of an artificial eye involves a variety of specialized materials:

  • Plastic – the main component of the prosthesis.

  • Wax and Plaster of Paris – used to create detailed molds.

  • Alginate – a seaweed-derived white powder used in the molding process.

  • High-quality paints and coatings – used to replicate the natural iris, veins, and sclera texture.

Each eye is custom-made to match the patient’s natural eye color, shape, and size — making every prosthesis a unique work of art and science.

The Manufacturing Process

Creating an artificial eye requires both artistic skill and medical precision. The entire process typically takes about 3 to 4 hours, though it may vary depending on the patient and the ocularist’s method.

There are two primary types of artificial eyes:

  1. Shell Type: A thin prosthesis fitted over a damaged or disfigured natural eye.

  2. Full Impression Type: Designed for patients who have had their eyeball completely removed.

Steps Involved:

  1. Inspection: The ocularist examines the eye socket’s shape and condition.

  2. Iris Painting: The iris is hand-painted to perfectly match the patient’s existing eye.

  3. Wax Mold Creation: A wax shell is carved and fitted into the socket to achieve comfort and alignment.

  4. Impression Making: Alginate cream is used to create a precise impression of the socket.

  5. Casting: A plaster-of-Paris cast is made from the mold to shape the prosthesis.

  6. Plastic Forming: The final prosthesis is cast using medical-grade plastic with the painted iris embedded.

  7. Polishing and Fitting: The artificial eye is polished, fitted into the socket, and adjusted for comfort and natural movement.

The result is a lifelike prosthetic eye that closely matches the real one — restoring not sight, but dignity, confidence, and normal appearance.

Future of Artificial Eyes

The future of ocular prosthetics looks promising, blending biomedical engineering, electronics, and computing innovations. Research is already underway to create bionic eyes capable of partially restoring sight.

One groundbreaking invention was the Bio-Eye Implant, approved by the U.S. FDA in 1989. Made from hydroxyapatite, a material derived from ocean coral, it mimics the structure of human bone and allows better integration with surrounding tissues. Over 25,000 people worldwide have benefited from this technology, which provides improved movement and prevents socket complications.

Researchers at MIT and Harvard University are now developing an artificial retina that may one day restore limited vision. This involves a biochip that interfaces with the retina’s ganglion cells and communicates with an external infrared laser system through special glasses worn by the patient.

If successful, such advancements could bridge the gap between cosmetic prosthetics and functional vision restoration, transforming millions of lives worldwide.

Conclusion

The development of artificial eyes stands as a testament to the incredible fusion of medicine, art, and technology. From ancient glass prostheses to modern computer-assisted designs, artificial eyes have evolved far beyond aesthetics — offering comfort, mobility, and hope.

While today’s artificial eyes cannot restore sight, ongoing research in bionics, robotics, and neural engineering holds the promise of making that vision a reality in the future.
Until then, artificial eyes continue to reflect not just light — but the resilience of the human spirit.

18 Mar
0

Introduction to Java

In Business, Official Blog, Tech-BLOG, Tech-Forum, Technical

Understanding Java: The Language That Changed Programming Forever

By Author – Rashmita Soge

Java is one of the most influential and widely used programming languages in the world today. Created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1991, Java was designed with a clear mission — write once, run anywhere. This meant that a program written in Java could run seamlessly across multiple operating systems without needing to be rewritten.

The first public version, Java 1.0, was launched in 1995, marking the beginning of a new era in software development. Later, in 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems and took over the stewardship of Java. To support the open-source community, Java was made available under the GNU General Public License (GPL), and Oracle continues to manage its open-source version through OpenJDK.
Today, one of the most popular versions in use is Java 8, known for its efficiency, simplicity, and powerful features.

What is Java?

Java is a general-purpose, class-based, and object-oriented programming language. It is platform-independent, meaning programs can run on any system that supports Java, without modification. Java is also secure, portable, multithreaded, dynamic, and robust, making it an ideal choice for a wide range of applications — from desktop and mobile apps to enterprise and web-based systems.

In essence, Java allows developers to write code once and execute it anywhere, providing unmatched flexibility in today’s multi-platform world.

A Brief History of Java

The journey of Java began when James Gosling and his team — Michael Sheridan and Patrick Naughton — started working on a project called Project Green in 1991. Their goal was to develop a programming language for smart appliances and interactive devices that could deliver high performance, security, and portability.

Initially, the language was named Oak, after the tree outside Gosling’s office. However, due to a trademark conflict, it was later renamed Java. The first version, Java 1.0a2, along with the HotJava browser, was released in 1995 — introducing the world to the power of platform-independent programming.

The team set out some core principles for Java, ensuring that it was:

  • Secure and reliable

  • High performing

  • Portable and architecture-neutral

  • Threaded, interpreted, and dynamic

  • Entirely object-oriented

Over time, Java became the foundation of enterprise software and web technologies, powering millions of applications globally.

How Java Works

To understand Java’s power, it’s important to look at how it functions differently from other languages.

In traditional languages like C or C++, the compiler generates machine-specific code. For instance, a C++ program compiled on Windows will not run on Linux without recompilation.

Java solves this problem through its Java Virtual Machine (JVM). When you write Java code, it is compiled into bytecode instead of platform-specific code. This bytecode runs on the JVM, which acts as an interpreter between the Java program and the underlying operating system.

This process ensures that the same Java program can run on any device or OS that has a JVM installed — whether it’s Windows, macOS, or Linux.
In short, Java follows a compile once, run anywhere model.

Key Features of Java

Here are some of the most important characteristics that make Java a preferred language among developers:

  1. Platform Independent – Java programs run on any device that supports the JVM.

  2. Object-Oriented – Everything in Java is treated as an object, allowing for modular, reusable, and flexible code.

  3. Strongly Typed – Java requires explicit data type declarations, reducing errors.

  4. Interpreted and Compiled – Java code is both compiled into bytecode and interpreted by the JVM for faster execution.

  5. Automatic Memory Management – The Java Garbage Collector automatically frees up memory by removing unused objects, making the process safer and more efficient.

The Future of Java

Despite being more than two decades old, Java remains one of the most relevant and in-demand programming languages in the world. The continuous updates and strong community support ensure it stays modern and capable.

The Apache Maven build automation tool, widely used in Java-based projects, proves that Java continues to evolve with modern development practices. With Oracle’s ongoing commitment to enhancing Java, newer versions keep introducing improvements in performance, scalability, and developer productivity.

Even with competition from newer languages like .NET, Python, and Kotlin, Java continues to dominate due to its stability, strong security features, and massive ecosystem of frameworks and libraries.

Java’s long history has made it a trusted choice for enterprise-level applications, Android development, and large-scale web systems. Its simplicity, combined with power and reliability, ensures that Java is not going anywhere — it will continue to be a vital part of the programming world for decades to come.

Conclusion

From its humble beginnings in the early 90s to becoming a global standard in software development, Java has proven its worth as a versatile, secure, and efficient programming language.
It not only changed how software is written but also how it is executed across diverse platforms. With continued innovation and community support, Java will remain a cornerstone of modern programming — empowering developers to build reliable, high-performance applications that shape the future of technology.

By Author – Rashmita Soge

 

Java is a programming language created by James Gosling from Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1991. The target of Java is to write a program once and then run this program on multiple operating systems. The first publicly available version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995. Sun Microsystems was acquired by the Oracle Corporation in 2010. Oracle has now the steermanship for Java. In 2006 Sun started to make Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Oracle continues this project called OpenJDK. Over time new enhanced versions of Java have been released. The current version of Java is Java 1.8 which is also known as Java 8.

Java is defined by a specification and consists of a programming language, a compiler, core libraries and a runtime (Java virtual machine) The Java runtime allows software developers to write program code in other languages than the Java programming language which still runs on the Java virtual machine. The Java platform is usually associated with the Java virtual machine and the Java core libraries.

What is java?

Java is a General Purpose, class-based, object-oriented, Platform independent, portable, Architecturally neutral, multithreaded, dynamic, distributed, Portable and robust interpreted Programming Language.

It is intended to let application developers “write once, run anywhere” meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for

History of Java

Java is the brainchild of Java pioneer James Gosling, who traces Javas core idea of, Write Once, Run Anywhere back to work he did in graduate school.

After spending time at IBM, Gosling joined Sun Microsystems in 1984. In 1991, Gosling partnered with Sun colleagues, Michael Sheridan and Patrick Naughton on Project Green, to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances. Gosling, Naughton, and Sheridan set out to develop the project based on certain rules. They were specifically tied to performance, security, and functionality. Those rules were that Java must be:

  1. Secure and robust
  2. High performance
  3. Portable and architecture-neutral, which means it can run on any combination of software and hardware
  4. Threaded, interpreted, and dynamic
  5. Object-oriented

Over time, the team added features and refinements that extended the heirloom of C++ and C, resulting in a new language called Oak, named after a tree outside Goslings office.

After efforts to use Oak for interactive television failed to materialize, the technology was re-targeted for the world wide web. The team also began working on a web browser as a demonstration platform.

Because of a trademark conflict, Oak was renamed, Java, and in 1995, Java 1.0a2, along with the browser, name HotJava, was released. The Java language was designed with the following properties:

  • Platform independent: Java programs use the Java virtual machine as abstraction and do not access the operating system directly. This makes Java programs highly portable. A Java program (which is standard-compliant and follows certain rules) can run unmodified on all supported platforms, e.g., Windows or Linux.
  • Object-orientated programming language: Except the primitive data types, all elements in Java are objects.
  • Strongly-typed programming language: Java is strongly-typed, e.g., the types of the used variables must be pre-defined and conversion to other objects is relatively strict, e.g., must be done in most cases by the programmer.
  • Interpreted and compiled language: Java source code is transferred into the bytecode format which does not depend on the target platform. These bytecode instructions will be interpreted by the Java Virtual machine (JVM). The JVM contains a so-called Hotspot-Compiler which translates performance critical bytecode instructions into native code instructions.
  • Automatic memory management: Java manages the memory allocation and de-allocation for creating new objects. The program does not have direct access to the memory. The so-called garbage collector automatically deletes objects to which no active pointer exists.

How Java Works?

To understand the primary advantage of Java, you’ll have to learn about platforms. In most programming languages, a compiler generates code that can execute on a specific target machine. For example, if you compile a C++ program on a Windows machine, the executable file can be copied to any other machine but it will only run on other Windows machines but never another machine. A platform is determined by the target machine along with its operating system. For earlier languages, language designers needed to create a specialized version of the compiler for every platform. If you wrote a program that you wanted to make available on multiple platforms, you, as the programmer, would have to do quite a bit of additional work.? You would have to create multiple versions of your source code for each platform.

Java succeeded in eliminating the platform issue for high-level programmers because it has reorganized the compile-link-execute sequence at an underlying level of the compiler. Details are complicated but, essentially, the designers of the Java language isolated those programming issues which are dependent on the platform and developed low-level means to abstractly refer to these issues. Consequently, the Java compiler doesn’t create an object file, but instead it creates a bytecode file which is, essentially, an object file for a virtual machine.? In fact, the Java compiler is often called the JVM compiler. To summarize how Java works, think about the compile-link-execute cycle. In earlier programming languages, the cycle is more closely defined as “compile-link then execute”. In Java, the cycle is closer to “compile then link-execute”.

Future of Java

Java is not a legacy programming language, despite its long history. The robust use of Maven, the building tool for Java-based projects, debunks the theory that Java is outdated. Although there are a variety of deployment tools on the market, Apache Maven has by far been one of the largest automation tools developers use to deploy software applications.

With Oracles commitment to Java for the long haul, its not hard to see why Java will always be a part of programming languages for years to come and will remain as the chosen programming language. 2017 will see the release of the eighth version of Java-Java EE 8.

Despite its areas for improvement, and threat from rival programming languages like.NET, Java is here to stay. Oracle has plans for a new version release in the early part of 2017, with new supportive features that will strongly appeal to developers. Javas multitude of strengths as a programming language means its use in the digital world will only solidify. A language that was inherently designed for easy use has proved itself as functional and secure over the course of more than two decades. Developers who appreciate technological changes can also rest assured the tried-and-true language of Java will likely always have a significant place in their toolset.

18 Mar
1

GPS aircraft tracking

In Business, Official Blog

The Power of GPS in Aircraft Tracking: Revolutionizing Safety and Navigation

By Author – Samata Shelare

GPS technology has transformed the way we navigate on land, and now it’s revolutionizing how we fly. In aviation, GPS aircraft tracking plays a crucial role in ensuring both safety and convenience, serving commercial airlines, private planes, and even flight schools.

While GPS in cars helps us reach destinations on the road, its function in aircraft is far more advanced. It not only tracks the position of an aircraft in the sky but also keeps pilots, passengers, and air traffic controllers connected and safe throughout every journey.

How GPS Aircraft Tracking Works

Understanding how GPS tracking works in aviation helps reveal why it’s so valuable.
A small device with a GPS sensor is installed in the aircraft, transmitting real-time location data to a ground-based server. This allows air traffic controllers to monitor an aircraft’s exact position, altitude, and movement at any given time.

The placement of the GPS sensor may vary depending on the aircraft’s design, but the principle remains the same—continuous, precise tracking that ensures safer skies.

Beyond Safety: The Many Benefits of GPS Tracking

While safety is the most obvious advantage, GPS aircraft tracking offers many additional benefits.

  • Accurate Flight Time Estimation: Pilots can calculate precise departure and arrival times, helping airlines plan better and reduce delays.

  • Accident Assistance: In the rare event of an incident, GPS data can help rescuers locate the aircraft quickly.

  • Flight Training Support: Flight schools use GPS tracking to help student pilots follow specific flight paths set by instructors, ensuring better learning and safety.

In short, GPS tracking enhances not just aviation safety but also efficiency, planning, and education within the industry.

The Role of ADS-B Technology

A major advancement in aviation tracking is the Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) system. Around 100 air traffic facilities around the world already use this technology, nearly half of the total 230 global facilities.

Experts estimate that by 2020, every major air traffic center would be equipped with ADS-B, making flight tracking more accurate and reliable. The biggest challenge lies in upgrading older aircraft with compatible systems.

ADS-B doesn’t just track airplanes—it also provides real-time weather updates and other environmental data to pilots. This helps them make better, faster decisions in response to changing flight conditions.

Addressing Tracking Challenges

Traditional radar systems have limitations, especially over oceans or remote regions where signals weaken or disappear entirely. This gap in radar coverage has been a significant issue in aviation safety.

Incidents like the missing Malaysian Airlines flight highlighted these vulnerabilities, as aircraft over vast bodies of water often become difficult to track. The introduction of GPS-based tracking systems like ADS-B helps overcome this challenge, allowing continuous communication and monitoring even in remote airspaces.

The Future of Safer Skies

Some international flights—particularly those traveling across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans—already require GPS tracking systems due to the risks of losing radar contact. As technology advances, GPS-based navigation and tracking are becoming the new standard for global aviation.

GPS aircraft tracking may differ from the GPS we use in our daily commutes, but its impact is far greater. It ensures safer, smarter, and more connected skies, empowering pilots with real-time insights and giving passengers greater peace of mind.

17 Mar
0

GEAR DE-BURRING MACHINE

In Business, Official Blog

Gear deburring is a process that has changed substantially over the past 10 years. There have been advancements in the types of tools used for deburring operations and the development of “wet” machines, automatic load and unload, automatic part transfer and turnover, and vision systems for part identification, etc.

Three types of tools are used in the gear deburring process, including grinding wheels, brushes, and carbide tools. A discussion of each method is as follows.

Grinding Wheels
There are many wheel grits available, from 320 grit for small burrs and light chamfers, to 57 grit for large burrs and heavy chamfers, with numerous grit sizes in between. Grinding wheels will usually provide the required cosmetic appearance for a deburred gear. Setting up the grinding wheel is critical for good wheel life and consistent chamfers. The point of contact for the grinding wheel should be equal to the approach angle of the grinding head. For example, set a 45 approach angle for the grinding head with a protractor. Next, draw a line through the center of the grinding wheel followed by a line drawn 45 to the first line. The contact point between the gear and the grinding wheel should be at the 45 line.

The size of the chamfer attainable is determined by the size of the burr to be removed from the part. Further, three additional factors that affect chamfer size are wheel grit size, the speed of the work spindle, and the amount of pressure applied to the part by the grinding wheel. Grinding wheel speed is noted on the grinding wheel, and it is usually 15,000 to 18,000 RPM. The grinding wheels used most often are aluminum oxide.

Brushes
Parts with small burrs can be effectively deburred with a brush. Two types of brushes are used for deburring operations, those being wire and nylon. Wire brushes are made with straight, crimped, or knotted bristles. The wire diameter and length will determine how aggressively the brush will deburr. Nylon brushes can be impregnated with either aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, with grit size ranging from 80 to 400. The specific application will determine which type of brush is required. In applications where a heavy burr is to be removed with a grinding wheel or carbide tool, a brush is often used as a secondary process for removing small burrs created by the first process.
Carbide Tools
The use of carbide deburring tools is a relatively new development. There are three advantages to using carbide tools:
? Reduced deburring time. The carbide tools can run at 40,000 RPM, vs. 15,000 to 18,000 RPM for grinding wheels.

? Reduced setup time, because there is no need to establish an approach angle as with a grinding wheel.

? Ability to deburr cluster gears, or gears having the root of the tooth close to the gear shaft or hub.
Deburring Machine Features
The deburring process is accomplished with floating-style deburring heads having variable RPM air motors or turbines. The floating heads have air-operated, adjustable counterweights for adjusting the pressure applied to the part being deburred.
The floating heads can use grinding wheels, brushes, or carbide tools, and change-over from one to the other can be accomplished in a matter of minutes, providing versatility for doing a number of different parts on one machine.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Quick action clamping.
2. Precise indexing.
3. Multi-module indexer makes all range of spur gear de-burring possible
4. Fast action de-burring due to the sequential operation of the grinding head and indexer mechanism
5. Low-cost automation.
6. The flexibility of circuit design / can be converted into the fully automatic mode with minimal circuit components.
7. Low-cost automation process
8. Saves labor cost and monotony of operation.

APPLICATIONS:
1. Machine tool manufacturing industry.
2. Agriculture machinery manufacturing.
3. Molded gear industry.
4. Timer pulley manufacturing.
5. Sprocket and chain wheel manufacturing ..etc.

16 Mar
0
wifi 4g

4G Wi-Fi Revolution

In Business, Official Blog

Wi-Fi is an extremely powerful resource that connects people, business, and increasingly the Internet of Things. It is used in our homes, colleges, businesses, favorite cafes, buses, and many of our public spaces. However, it is also a hugely complex technology. Designing, deploying, and maintaining a successful WLAN is no easy task, the goal is to make that task easier for WLAN administrators of all skill levels through education, knowledge-sharing, and community participation etc.
Any malls, restaurants, hotel, and any other service station, Wi-Fi seems to be active. While supplemental downlink channels are 20MHZ, each the Wi-Fi channels could be 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz or even 160MHz. On many moments I had to switch off my Wi-Fi as the speed so poor & and go back to using 4G.
On my smartphone, most days I get 30/40mbps download speed and it works perfectly superb for all my needs. The only one reason that we would need higher speeds is to do a chain and use the laptop for work, watching a video, play games, listen to music, download anything that you want. Most of the people I know that they work with don’t require gigabit speed at the moment.
Once a user that is receiving high-speed data on their device using LTE-U / LAA creates a Wi-Fi hotspot, it may use the same 5GHZ channels as the once that the network is using for supplemental downlink. The user always asking why their download speed fall as soon as they switch WI-FI on.
The fact is that in a rural area & even general built-up areas, operates do not have to worry about the network being overloaded and use their licensed range. nobody is planning to place LTE-U / LAA in these areas. In the dense area and ultra areas, there are many more users, and many more wi-fi access points, ad-hoc wi-fi networks and many other sources of involvement.

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